Portrait of Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

(1712 - 1778)

Colorized engraving of Voltaire wearing a wig.

Voltaire

(1694 - 1778)

Livy

(c. 59 BC - c. 17)

Photograph of American novelist Willa Cather.

Willa Cather

(1873 - 1947)

Image of Japanese poet and essayist Yoshida Kenko.

Yoshida Kenko

(c. 1283 - c. 1351)

American literary critic and novelist Elizabeth Hardwick.

Elizabeth Hardwick

(1916 - 2007)

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

(1918 - 2008)

English critic and author G. K. Chesterton.

G.K. Chesterton

(1874 - 1936)

Black and white image of American writer Herman Melville.

Herman Melville

(1819 - 1891)

Portrait of Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Dostoevsky

(1821 - 1881)

Cesare Beccaria

(1738 - 1794)

Black and white photograph of Mencken looking over his shoulder at the camera

H.L. Mencken

(1880 - 1956)

Photograph of American writer William S. Burroughs.

William S. Burroughs

(1914 - 1997)

English novelist, essayist, and critic George Orwell.

George Orwell

(1903 - 1950)

Nathaniel Rich

Shirley Jackson

(1916 - 1965)

Haruki Murakami

Christopher Hitchens

(1949 - 2011)

Félix Fénéon

(1861 - 1944)

Photograph of American novelist and screenwriter Raymond Chandler.

Raymond Chandler

(1888 - 1959)

Ovid

(43 BC - c. 17)

Saul Levitt

(1911 - 1977)

Greek dramatist Sophocles.

Sophocles

(c. 496 BC - 406 BC)

Sculpture bust of Greek historian Herodotus.

Herodotus

(c. 484 BC - c. 425 BC)

Woman with short gray hair seated with a book open in her lap

Maya Angelou

(1928 - 2014)

Depiction of Greek philosopher Plato.

Plato

(c. 427 BC - c. 347 BC)

Ha Jin

Painted portrait of English philosopher Jeremy Bentham.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748 - 1832)

Frontispiece for 1612-13 King James Bible.

The Bible

color oil painting of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in a red tunic with gray hair

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

(1756 - 1791)

Book critic Michael Dirda.

Michael Dirda

British scholar and military officer T.E. Lawrence.

T.E. Lawrence

(1888 - 1935)

Cesare Lombroso

(1835 - 1909)

Anna Akhmatova

(1889 - 1966)

Charlie Chaplin

(1889 - 1977)

Portrait of English essayist and critic Thomas De Quincey.

Thomas De Quincey

(1785 - 1859)

Charles Taylor

American lawyer Clarence Darrow.

Clarence Darrow

(1857 - 1938)

Saint Augustine (detail), by Philippe de Champaigne, c. 1645.

Saint Augustine

(354 - 430)

Black and white photograph of Russian author Leo Tolstoy.

Leo Tolstoy

(1828 - 1910)

Matthew Power

(1974 - 2014)

Portrait bust of presumed author of the Iliad and the Odyssey Homer.

Homer

(c. 800 BC - 725 BC)

Classical engraving of Aristophanes with a long beard.

Aristophanes

(c. 446 BC - c. 386 BC)

Color portrait of English philosopher John Locke.

John Locke

(1632 - 1704)

Ambrose Bierce

Ambrose Bierce

(1842 - c. 1914)

Painting of Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes

(1588 - 1679)

Russian author Yevgenia Semyonova Ginzburg.

Yevgenia Semyonova Ginzburg

(1904 - 1977)

Ngugi wa Thiong’o

Suetonius

(69 - c. 130)

Engraving of William Shakespeare from the first folio edition.

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616)

Roman historian Sallust.

Sallust

(c. 86 BC - c. 34 BC)

Péter Nádas

Black and white photograph of Friedrich Nietzsche with a huge mustache.

Friedrich Nietzsche

(1844 - 1900)

Dexter Filkins

Black and white photograph of German-language writer Franz Kafka.

Franz Kafka

(1883 - 1924)

John Cheever

(1912 - 1982)

Richard I

(1157 - 1199)

Alex Haley

(1921 - 1992)

Joseph Heller

Joseph Heller

(1923 - 1999)

Thomas Nashe

Thomas Nashe

(1567 - c. 1601)

Black-and-white photograph of Martin Luther King Jr. with his right hand lifted

Martin Luther King Jr.

(1929 - 1968)

Don DeLillo standing outside in a jacket, black and white photo

Don DeLillo

Seamus Heaney, 1970. Photograph by Simon Garbutt.

Seamus Heaney

(1939 - 2013)

Rick Perlstein

Joan Didion

(1934 - 2021)

Lewis Lapham at his desk

Lewis H. Lapham

Daniil Kharms looking serious with an intent stare

Daniil Kharms

(1905 - 1942)

Black and white photograph of French novelist, essayist, and playwright Albert Camus.

Albert Camus

(1913 - 1960)

Jean Genet

(1910 - 1986)

Color portrait of French radical Jacobin leader Maximilien de Robespierre.

Maximilien Robespierre

(1758 - 1794)

French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault.

Michel Foucault

(1926 - 1984)

Black and white photograph of African-American leader Malcolm X.

Malcolm X

(1925 - 1965)

At the age of seventeen, Hawthorne mused to his mother about the possibility of “relying for support upon my pen.”

Nathaniel Hawthorne

(1804 - 1864)

Black and white photograph of political scientist and philosopher Hannah Arendt holding a cigarette.

Hannah Arendt

(1906 - 1975)

Black and white photograph of French writer Victor Hugo.

Victor Hugo

(1802 - 1885)

Jack Henry Abbott

(1944 - 2002)

Norman Mailer

(1923 - 2007)

Black and white photograph of Italian writer and chemist Primo Levi.

Primo Levi

(1919 - 1987)